Twelfth Night, Year 8 Essay free essay sample

Unrequited love occurs between many people within ‘Twelfth Night’, however one of the most controversial instances is the love that Lady Olivia cannot deny for Viola/Cesario. On page 132, we witness Olivia express her almost limitless love for Cesario, ‘†¦I love thee so, that, maugre thy pride, Nor wit nor reason can my passion hide. ’ However, Viola’s reply confirms Olivia’s love is truly unrequited, ‘I have one heart†¦And that no woman has, nor never none. These quotes reflect that evidently, whilst Olivia has fallen unconditionally in love with who she thinks is Cesario, Viola will never love Olivia for she pines for Orsino to who she has dedicated her whole heart. Unrequited love exists between many people within ‘Twelfth Night’, however one of the most controversial instances is the love, which Lady Olivia has poured onto Cesario/Viola. On page 64 we witness Malvolio attempting to give a ring from Olivia to Vio la as a sign of love and passion, in the hope that she will return. We will write a custom essay sample on Twelfth Night, Year 8 Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Viola however, throws the ring to the floor, signifying that this token of love and deep affection is nothing but dirt to her, as not only is she a woman but she also pines for the beloved Orsino. Unrequited love however, is but one of the copious forms of love surveyed in ‘Twelfth Night. ’ Within ‘Twelfth Night’ we witness Orsino, on countless occasions, speaking of how his love for Lady Olivia has completely possessed his mind. Orsino perpetually speaks in poetic terms of how love is constantly teeming in his mind, â€Å"If music be the food of love, play on. Give me excess of it†¦Oh, it came o’er my ear like the sweet sound, That breathes upon a bank of violets,† Within ‘Twelfth Night’ we witness Orsino, on countless occasions, speaking of how his love for Lady Olivia has completely possessed his mind. Orsino perpetually speaks in poetic terms â€Å"If music be the food of love, play on. Give me excess of it†¦Oh, it came o’er my ear like the sweet sound, That breathes upon a bank of violets,† Evidently from this quote we learn that the thoughts of love are constantly teeming within Orsino’s mind, however as the play progresses it becomes apparent that Orsino is more in love with the thought of love than Lady Olivia herself. William Shakespeare’s play ‘Twelfth Night’ is an insightful and entertaining play, which utilises comedy to engage its audience. The play explores and abundance of themes including love and deception, both of which I will be analysing today. Comic devices of love or deception tokens, such as a ring and a devious letter, are employed within ‘Twelfth Night’ to enhance the message that is being delivered. Love, in its many forms, is a primary theme explored in ‘Twelfth Night. Throughout the duration of the play we witness love in copious forms including unrequited love, which occurs between Orsino and Olivia, as despite Orsino’s great love for Olivia, she refuses to return his love. Secondly, we have unconditional love, which is witnessed amid Viola and Cesario, as there is nothing that can halt Viola’s immortal love for Orsino. We also observe love at first sight, which is unmistakably between Olivia and ‘Cesario’, for the moment Olivia laid eyes on ‘Cesario’ she became obsessed with him. Lastly sibling love that is evident amongst Viola and Sebastian, an affectionate bond which only siblings can have. In the very opening line of the play we witness the words â€Å"If music be the food of love, play on, Give me excess of it, surfeiting. –Act 1, Scene 1 line 1-2. This quote uses the language technique of a metaphor to depict the message that Orsino is hungry for love. He desires such an abundance of love that he is incapable of loving anymore, a clear message from Shakespeare that love is painful and restless, possessing both pain and joy. Love at first sight is a crucial theme within ‘Twelfth Night’ and is e xplored through the dramatic technique of costume. When Olivia first encounters ‘Cesario’ she covers her face with a black veil, a sign of the grief which lurks in her body due to her brothers death. However, once experiencing love at first sight, Olivia removes her veil, a clear message that for her love opens a world of exuberance and strips the away the remorse which once plagued her. (ADD A QUOTE) Deception is another key theme, which Shakespeare explores in ‘Twelfth Night’. Within the play the audience observes many instances of deceit in a wide range of fields, including the letter which Maria forges in the hand of Olivia to defraud Malvolio,

Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress Essays

Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress Essays Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress Paper Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress Paper Essay Topic: Andrew Marvell Poems Literature Marvells To His Coy Mistress is related to the constraints of time and how it will affect the relationship with his partner, in particular love and physical passion. In contrast Lovelaces To Althea, From Prison shows a different kind of love, he is talking about many types of love: the love he has for his wife, the love he has for his fellow royalists, the love he has for his king and ultimately the love he has for his God. Lovelaces poem is about a love without a sexual and physical driving force. Finally, Herricks To the Virgins is similar in theme to Marvells Coy Mistress as it too deal with issues of time and how it affects the pace if courtship and marriage. Marvells To His Coy Mistress is made up of three stanzas each with its own purpose. From the poem it seems that Marvell is trying to court a wealthy girl, but she seems to be procrastinating. The purpose of the poem is to convince her to fall in love with him so the can marry and have a physical relationship. The structure of the poem plays a major part in this. The first stanza begins with Had or in other words If meaning this is a hypothesis, which automatically gives the first stanza a subjunctive mood. Marvell is using this stanza to show how much he loves her; however the concern of time is fundamental, which is a reoccurring theme throughout the course of the poem. The poem starts with Had we but world enough, and time, this sets up the whole stanza. This opening stanza is a way of Marvell telling his partner how much he really loves her. He isnt just after a physical and sexual relationship but there is a huge spiritual element to their relationship. Marvell, in this opening stanza, has created his own hypothetical world which is not shrouded by the constraints of time. Marvell claims that they can spend time together, without any physical or sexual motives. To walk and pass our long, loves day Marvell is portraying to his love how they would, in this world, spend their days aimlessly wandering, simply enjoying each others company. His hypothetical state is somewhere where he too can be coy, she will be doing no harm by being coy This coyness, Lady, were no crime as their arent the confinements of time and the two can afford to play out their courtship and fully enjoy and appreciate their moments together. Marvell is stating that in this world, with no pressure of time, he can merely enjoy his time with her without there being any commitments. This first stanza is written with a rye humour. Marvell uses some imagery to show his perpetual love on line 5-8: Thou by the Indian Gangess side / Shouldst rubies find: I by the tide / Of the Humber would complain. Marvell is claiming that he would gladly allow her to walk by the side of the Ganges river which is a mystical and beautiful river with great spiritual significance; while he would stay by the Humber, which is a dirty, mucky, brown river. I think this shows Marvells true love under more spiritual circumstances, it shows he loves her so much that he is willing to make sacrifices for her. Marvell follows on to tell her of his continual love claiming he will love her from the beginning of time to the end of time. Marvell quite cleverly uses specific biblical references I would / Love you ten years before the flood; the flood meaning Noahs flood, seen biblically as the beginning of the modern era. Till the conversion of the Jews. This is seen to be an impossible occurrence and could only ever come about towards the end of time. His love for her is platonic or in other words it this idealistic, spiritual love which is not all about physical relationships. Marvell has the utmost respect for his lover. He regards her with the highest esteem. His closing two lines of this opening stanza depicts his true feelings for her, his eternal love and distinguished reverence. For, Lady, you deserve this state, / Nor would I love at a lower rate. The capital letter of Lady is a sign of his respect. state is a reference to the amount of love or worship, Marvell is telling her that all the affection he offers her is completely deserved. Not only does Marvell say that she is fully deserving of his reverence but he but he could not contemplate showing any less devotion. Nevertheless, there is no doubt Marvell does still have a sexual and passionate urges which are also expressed in a very tasteful manner. Marvells physical intentions are mainly suppressed by the far more important spiritual and pure love he has for the young lady. He tastefully describes her physical attributes and he declares his wishes to admire them. Two hundred years to adore each breast; / But thirty thousand to the rest; / An age at least to every part, Marvell wants to worship her body, he is completely infatuated with her. The second stanza has a far different approach, the rye humour has been abolished replaced by a much more serious and concise approach. This stanza is a direct contradiction to the first. The stanza begins with But which sets the tone and purpose of the whole stanza. Marvell is no longer trying to convince her of his love, he is trying to shock her into relinquishing her stance of being coy and to stop procrastinating. The beginning is stating reality, how there is not this endless amount of time. He portrays the pressure of time with some vivid imagery: But at my back I always hear / Times winged chariot hurrying near; he is illustrates time hunting them from behind, how it is pursuing them with a vengeful violence. Marvell is using extremely powerful imagery to show the shortage of time. His depiction of what lies ahead will no doubt alarm her but this is Marvells tactics in persuading her to join him. The idea of Deserts of vast eternity is with reference to death. A desert is a place of very little life, a dead place; and the vast eternity is portraying how death is an expansive period of time and an eternity means to last forever, essentially Marvell is telling her that death is everlasting and she needs to hasten or else she will have wasted her life. Marvell is hurrying her; he wants her to commit to him so that they can enjoy the rest of their life. Thy beauty shall no more be found; / Nor, in thy marble vault, shall sound / My echoing song: Once dead, in her marble vault, her beauty will have decayed and his love song will have disappeared. It is at this point, on line 27, there a caesura. There is a break in the line and it divides two ideas. It is now that the real shock tactics begin. Marvell aims to frighten her into joining him. The main theme is a funeral the language Marvell uses related to the funeral process. First of all, Marvell is saying that when she dies, if she has not accepted his love, the worms will enter her and take her virginity, Then worms shall try / that long preserved virginity; The following two lines are heavily associated with a funeral. This is the climax of this stanza. It is at this point that Marvell is hoping for her procrastination to stop. The saying in a funeral From ashes to ashes from dust to dust, these two lines use this very quote:. And your quaint honour turn to dust her quaint honour is her virginity, and by saying it has turned to dust Marvell has directly quoted it to a funeral. And into ashes all my lust again the funeral quote, his lust will die. Marvell is begging her not put off this marriage any more. He wishes to marry her, he craves a physical relationship with her and he wants their platonic love to grow. Marvell desires the two of them to make the most of their lives he wishes to consummate their relationship. The social contexts of the time apply a great deal to the poem and to Marvells line of argument. In the time Marvell wrote the poem, once a girl had passed the age of twenty five she was seen to be no longer illegible for marriage, Marvell is warning her not to waste her life by delaying their affiliation from progressing. She is certainly a wealthy girl; this is shown by her marble vault, only the wealthiest of families could even contemplate owning a marble vault. By coming from a wealthy family she will no doubt have been chaperoned when meeting Marvell. Marvell is stressing to her that she must relieve herself of the chaperone and join him in matrimony. The third stanza is a final conclusion. The tempo of this stanza has been quickened dramatically, their a real sense of urgency. Marvell is hoping to resolve the problem. The stanza begins with Now this is the perfect way to open his conclusion and definitive and most crucial stanza. There is a real sense of urgency, he is telling her to commit and consummate their relationship, while she is young, before it is too late while the youthful hue / Sits on thy skin. Marvell is saying if there is a single part of her that wants to have a sexual relationship with him then she must do it. He is telling her to follow her instincts and not to care about what anybody else says. Marvell also believes that she deeply wishes to have a physical relationship with him too: And while thy willing soul transpires / At every pore with instant fires, he is claiming that she wants to have a sexual affiliation, she is desperate to have this deeply passionate bod with him. Marvell tells her she must join him, she must break free of her constraints and do as she wishes which is to marry him so they can have a full and sexual life: let us sport while we may let us have a sexual and intensely passionate relationship while it is possible like amorous birds of prey birds of prey were thought to be promiscuous, Marvell is using a simile he is telling her to be promiscuous with him. Marvell is constantly probing her, making her give in to her desires. He is telling her that they should make the most of their time together, he is telling her not to cheat herself out of time with him relish her life, not to be cheated by time. Now, Marvell is concluding his poem he is ensuring that she will join him in matrimony. He speeds up the tempo of the stanza with our time devour he brings about a sense of urgency yet again. Marvel the slows down the stanza on the following line Than languish in his slow-chapped power. The final two lines in this stanza are there just to complete his message. thought we cannot make our sun / Stand still, we will make him run. Marvell is closing his argument by saying that they are not able to stop time so they can spend an endless time together, but they will make their time run, or in other words they will make the most of their lives together. Marvell has based his final stanza on two teachings. First and foremost Marvell is saying carpe diem or seize the day, he is telling her to make the very most out of her life, he want her to fulfill her needs to have a physical, sexual and passionate relationship with him. And secondly Marvell uses the saying tempus fugit or time flies to warn his love that if she does not cease to procrastinate her life will amount to nothing, she will die alone and her life would not have been worth living. These two teachings are the basis of Marvells whole poem. Lovelacess poem To Althea, from Prison is concerned with many different types of love: his love for his wife, his fellow Royalists, his love his king and finally his love for his God. Lovelace is a Royalist; he followed the King and believed that he King should have definite power and rule over his kingdom. Lovelace lived in the era of the English Civil War; Lovelace will no doubt have been a follower of King Charles II and as a result was imprisoned by the Parliamentarians. In this first stanza, Richard Lovelace is addressing his love for his wife. His love for his wife is complete and platonic. When Love with unconfined wings / Hovers within my gates, / And my divine Althea he claim his love for her is free, it transcends all other things. His love for his wife is irrepressible, it lies deep within him and despite his body being trapped and confined this love is never contained. He describes his wife, Althea, as divine divine meaning holy he is claiming his love for his wife is on level par with his love for God. Now, Lovelace uses irony to depict his platonic relationship to his wife. When I lie tangled in her hair / And fettered to her eye, he uses language that symbolise his imprisonment like tangled and fettered, both meaning to be trapped or connected. Love is informing us that he is willingly bound to his wife; they are locked in an embrace that cannot be broken despite him being imprisoned. To end this first stanza Lovelace is comparing something that one would assume to be free, and claiming that in fact they arent free, that they cannot comprehend what freedom is as they havent experienced it. The birds that wanton in the air / Know no such liberty these birds are free, they wanton in the air or in other words they fly without restraint, they are unconfined. These birds represent promiscuity. They Know no such liberty. Means that they dont know what true meaning of what being free is. Know no such liberty. concludes each of the first three stanzas. This statement is paradoxical, Lovelace claims that he is free because his love for his wife, his fellow royalists and his king are free, despite him being trapped and confined in prison. The second stanza is regarding his allegiance to his fellow royalists. It is apparent that Lovelace is imprisoned with other royalists. Lovelace is trying to put forward that despite him being physically trapped his allegiance to his fellow royalists cannot be subdued. A similar message is portrayed in the third stanza in which Lovelace is speaking of his love and loyalty for his king which to will never be repressed. In prison Lovelace drinks heavily with his fellow royalists, they sit and drink to their camaraderie. They drink undiluted alcohol, most likely wine and they praise their king. When flowing cups run swiftly round Our careless heads with roses crowned, / Our hearts with loyal flames. They continue to drink until they become quite drunk and red faced, they become merry and drown their sorrows in alcohol. They toast to each others health and their companionship. As mentioned before the final two lines are contradictory. Fishes that tipple in the deep / Know no such liberty. Fish that drink freely at the bottom of the ocean dont know true freedom. Their camaraderie is truly free because their bodies are confined but their cause perseveres. Their adherence cannot be incarcerated so they continue to feel liberated. The third stanza follows much the same suit. He is discussing how he is trapped but his loyalty to his king carries on. He compares describes himself as linnet-like, or he claims that he is caged like a linnet bird, a recurring theme. He speaks of what he does once he is drunk. Lovelace sings about his king with his companions in prison. With shriller throat shall sing / The sweetness, mercy, majesty / And glories of my King; / When I shall voice aloud how good / He is, how great should be. Once Lovelace is drunk he begins to sing his drunken, high pitched voice. He is more than happy to honour his king, he praises him and all his traits. He is willing to fight and argue for his king and hopes that he will have absolute power, And expectedly Lovelace closes his stanza paradoxically. Enlarged winds that curl the flood / Know no such liberty. These gusts of wind that are capable of creating huge waves do not know of the freedom he experiences. The winds that are seen to be the freest of all things, are not free compared to the love he holds for his king. Lovelaces final stanza concerns his love for his God. This is by far his most important love, it supersedes all his other loves and it unites them as one. Lovelace has a dig at the people who have imprisoned him, Stone walls do not make a prison make / Nor do iron bars or cage. He is using imagery of a prison. He claims that jail is only confining his body but his beliefs and his views cannot be imprisoned and what is most important, his soul, roams free. I have freedom in my love / and in my soul am free, Lovelace is claiming he is still free because his love and his soul are free. He has done no wrong and he has no guilt for being in jail and his values remain. To conclude his final stanza, unlike the first three stanzas, there is no paradoxical, contradictory conclusion. Angels alone that soar above / Enjoy such liberty Lovelace is claiming that he is as free s an angel, only angels who are close to God know anything about freedom. His prevailing love for his God, his wife, his comrades and his Kings enable him to be free. Finally I will analse Herricks To the Virgins, To Make Much of Time. This very much coincides with Marvells To his Coy Mistress as they both are concerned with the pressures of time and their love being coy and procrastinating. Herricks love is posing the same problems as Marvells love did in To his Coy Mistress she too seems to be procrastinating and Herrick as a result is forced to convince her to relinquish her stance and join him in matrimony. Then be not coy, but use your time, / And while ye may, go marry, / For having lost but once your prime, / You may for ever tarry. Be not coy is a direct link to Marvell, he is telling her to stop procrastinating. Herrick then uses the exact same argument as Marvell, he tells her not to waste time but to marry him quickly before the prime of her life is over and she is no longer illegible for marriage. Similarly to Marvell, Herrick also stresses the issue of time and how it sneaks up from behind them, Old time is still a-flying time is chasing them and it will eventually catch them up. Herrick imposes the pressure of time by using the sun as a metaphor. the sun / The higher hes a-getting, / The sooner the race will be run,. Herrick is referring to the suns cycle. Once the sun reaches the highest point or midday, which Herrick is using to signify the girls prime point in her life, the sooner the sun will set or the sooner her life will come to a close. Herrick is telling his love that she needs to make the most of her life because once she has passed a certain stage in her life she will not be able to marry and enjoy herself, To conclude, Marvell and Herrick use their poems to impose the concerns of a lack of time and how it affects their relationships. They both are dealing with partners how are being coy and arent willing to commit. Both Herrick and Marvell are concerned with having a physical and passionate relationship with their lovers. Lovelaces poem deals with a completely different aspect of love. His love is completely on physical and he is only concerned with showing loyalty and pure spiritual love to his God, his wife, his fellow Royalists and his King.

B-52 Stratofortress - Strategic Air Command

B-52 Stratofortress - Strategic Air Command On November 23, 1945, only weeks after the end of World War II, the US Air Material Command issued performance specifications for a new long-range, nuclear bomber. Calling for a cruising speed of 300 mph and a combat radius of 5,000 miles, AMC invited bids the following February from Martin, Boeing, and Consolidated. Developing the Model 462, a straight-wing bomber powered by six turboprops, Boeing was able to win the competition despite the fact that the aircrafts range fell short of the specifications. Moving forward, Boeing was issued a contract on June 28, 1946, to build a mock-up of the new XB-52 bomber. Over the next year, Boeing was forced to change the design several times as the US Air Force first showed concern over the XB-52s size and then increased the required cruising speed. By June 1947, the USAF realized that when complete the new aircraft would nearly be obsolete. While the project was put on hold, Boeing continued to refine their latest design. That September, the Heavy Bombardment Committee issued new performance requirements demanding 500 mph and an 8,000-mile range, both of which were far beyond Boeings latest design. Lobbying hard, the president of Boeing, William McPherson Allen, was able to prevent their contract from being terminated. Coming to an accord with the USAF, Boeing was instructed to begin exploring recent technological advances with an eye to incorporating them into the XB-52 program. Moving forward, Boeing presented a new design in April 1948, but was told the next month that the new aircraft should incorporate jet engines. After swapping out turboprops for jets on their Model 464-40, Boeing was ordered to design a completely new aircraft utilizing the Pratt Whitney J57 turbojet on October 21, 1948. A week later, Boeing engineers first tested the design that would become the basis for the final aircraft. Possessing 35-degree swept wings, the new XB-52 design was powered by eight engines placed in four pods under the wings. During testing, concerns arose regarding the fuel consumption of the engines, however the commander of the Strategic Air Command, General Curtis LeMay insisted the program move forward. Two prototypes were built and the first flew on April 15, 1952, with famed test pilot Alvin Tex Johnston at the controls. Pleased with the result, the USAF placed an order for 282 aircraft. B-52 Stratofortress - Operational History Entering operational service in 1955, the B-52B Stratofortress replaced the Convair B-36 Peacemaker. During its initial years of service, several minor issues arose with the aircraft and the J57 engines experienced reliability problems. A year later, the B-52 dropped its first hydrogen bomb during testing at Bikini Atoll. On January 16–18, 1957, the USAF demonstrated the bombers reach by having three B-52s fly non-stop around the world. As additional aircraft were built, numerous changes and modifications were made. In 1963, the Strategic Air Command fielded a force of 650 B-52s. With the US entry into the Vietnam War, the B-52 saw its first combat missions as part of Operations Rolling Thunder (March 1965) and Arc Light (June 1965). Later that year, several B-52Ds underwent Big Belly modifications to facilitate the aircrafts use in carpet bombing. Flying from bases in Guam, Okinawa, and Thailand, B-52s were able to unleash devastating firepower on their targets. It was not until November 22, 1972, that the first B-52 was lost to enemy fire when an aircraft was downed by a surface-to-air missile. The B-52s most notable role in Vietnam was during Operation Linebacker II in December 1972, when waves of bombers struck targets across North Vietnam. During the war, 18 B-52s were lost to enemy fire and 13 to operational causes. While many B-52s saw action over Vietnam, the aircraft continued to fulfill its nuclear deterrence role. B-52s routinely flew airborne alert missions to provide a rapid first strike or retaliation capability in case of war with the Soviet Union. These missions ended in 1966, following the collision of a B-52 and a KC-135 over Spain. During the 1973 Yom Kippur War between Israel, Egypt, and Syria, B-52 squadrons were placed on a war footing in an effort to prevent the Soviet Union from becoming involved in the conflict. By the early 1970s, many of the early variants of the B-52 began to be retired. With the B-52 aging, the USAF sought to replace the aircraft with the B-1B Lancer, however strategic concerns and cost issues prevented this from occurring. As a result, B-52Gs and B-52Hs remained a part of the Strategic Air Commands nuclear standby force until 1991. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the B-52G was removed from service and the aircraft destroyed as part of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. With the launch of the coalition air campaign during the 1991 Gulf War, the B-52H returned to combat service. Flying from bases in the United States, Britain, Spain, and Diego Garcia, B-52s conducted both close air support and strategic bombing missions, as well as served as a launch platform for cruise missiles. Carpet bombing strikes by B-52s proved particularly effective and the aircraft was responsible for 40% of the munitions dropped on Iraqi forces during the war. In 2001, the B-52 again returned to the Middle East in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. Due to the aircrafts long loiter time, it proved highly effective in providing needed close air support to the troops on the ground. It has fulfilled a similar role over Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom. As of April 2008, the USAFs B-52 fleet consisted of 94 B-52Hs which operate from Minot (North Dakota) and Barksdale (Louisiana) Air Force Bases. An economical aircraft, the USAF intends to retain the B-52 through 2040 and has investigated several options for updating and enhancing the bomber, including replacing its eight engines with four Rolls-Royce RB211 534E-4 engines. General Specifications of the B-52H Length:  159 ft. 4 in.Wingspan:  185 ft.Height:  40 ft. 8 in.Wing Area:  4,000  sq. ft.Empty Weight:  185,000 lbs.Loaded Weight:  265,000 lbs.Crew:  5 (pilot, copilot, radar navigator (bombardier), navigator, and electronic warfare officer) Performance Power Plant:  8 Ãâ€" Pratt Whitney TF33-P-3/103 turbofansCombat Radius:  4,480 milesMax Speed:  650 mphCeiling:  50,000 ft. Armament Guns:  1 Ãâ€" 20 mm M61 Vulcan cannon (remote controlled tail turret)Bombs/Missiles:  60,000 lbs. of bombs, missiles, mines in numerous configurations Selected Sources US Air Force: B-52 StratofortressFAS: B-52 StratofortressGlobal Security: B-52 Stratofortress

English Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

English Literature - Essay Example red into a sort of deal with the unidentified warrior (the Green Knight) as the hero accepted his challenge and had stroked the Green Knight and so he should meet the warrior exactly after one year at a Green Chapel so that the Green Knight could return the strike to the hero of the literary piece. The essay identifies the various happenings and the problems that the hero faces as he set out to meet the Green Knight after one year at the stipulated venue. The essay also thrusts upon the moral and personal affects that Sir Gawain faces during his voyage to complete the challenge of the Green Knight. The Green Knight had come to the King’s place on a New Year day and had challenged the court if any one of the courtyards had the courage to strike him. The term of the challenge further specified that the Green Knight would get the opportunity to strike the charge back upon the person who charges him, after one year. The youngest knight of the court, also a near relative of the King, Sir Gawain accepted the challenge. With his one strike, the Green Knight was beheaded but to the sheer amazement of the court and that of Sir Gawain, it was witnessed that the beheaded Green Knight, stands up and picks up his head. He reminds Sir Gawain to meet after one year at Green Chapel and disappears. As the next New Year day approaches, Sir Gawain voyages out for the Green Chapel and on his way he finds a castle owned by Bertilak de Hautdesert and his beautiful wife. The family gets overwhelmed to host such a renowned guest and Sir Gawain stays there for three days as the Green Chapel was only two miles away from the castle. The owner of the castle enters into an agreement with Sir Gawain and it states that during his stay at the castle, they Bertilak de Hautdesert and Sir Gawain would exchange whatever they would earn during the daytime. In the first day, as Bertilak de Hautdesert goes out for hunting, the lady of the castle seduces Sir Gawain though the knight tries to

Comparison-contrast essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparison-contrast - Essay Example In his article, Staffo presents an insightful discussion about interscholastic athletics. Although he acknowledges that interscholastic athletics is a good initiative that can positively contribute to the life of students, he says that it has not been used to instill educational values in learners as it ought to be. According to his research, the goals f scholastic athletics are no longer important to the school administration, teachers and students. Today, scholastic athletics has become a tool for propagating violence, unhealthy competition and encouragement of the domination of teachers over the student body. Similar sentiments are echoed by Pietrofesa and Rosen who traces the development of violence and criminal activities in athletics amongst the professional athletes, high school and college students. The other similarity in the articles is that they both give recommendations on how violence and other criminal activities in athletics can be resolved. To Staffo, the best thing to do is to stop perceiving scholastic athletics as a tool for competition. Being that students are encouraged to participate in athletics so as to defeat their opponent makes them grow up as bad citizens who can do anything at whatever cost to out do their opponents. Besides, both the scholars argue that it is upon the physical educators and coaches to ensure that they provide the necessary counseling skills on their athletes. Better still, team managers should offer periodical lectures on athletes so as to teach them on the benefits of refraining from violence and any other form of violence that can derail them from continuing with their athletics activities. However, despite these similarities, the articles have lots of differences. First, while Interscholastic Sports Msdirected? Misguided? Misnomer? is mainly concerned about high school athletics, Strategies for reducing criminal violence among

Nitration of Acetanilide and Methyl Benzoate

Nitration of Acetanilide and Methyl Benzoate Nitration of Acetanilide and Methyl Benzoate by Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize methyl nitro benzoate from methyl benzoate, as well as nitroacetanilide from concentrated nitric acid (HNO3), and concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) by using an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The HNO3 and H2SO4 were combined to form a nitrating solution, which was added to a mixture of methyl benzoate and H2SO4, and the same was done with acetanilide. Following recrystallization, melting point was used to identify and characterize the product of the reaction. The melting point was determined to be 74 ËÅ ¡C-80 ËÅ ¡C for methyl nitro benzoate and for nitroacetanilide it was 195 ËÅ ¡C-200 ËÅ ¡C, which indicates meta-regiochemistry for methyl benzoate and para-regiochemistry for nitroacetanilide. The percent yield of this reaction for the recrystallized product was 59.3% of methyl nitrobenzoate, while it was 6.75% for nitroacetanilide. Figure 1: The reaction for the nitration of acetanilide. Figure 2: The reaction for the nitration of methyl benzoate. Experimental Concentrated sulfuric acid (0.6 mL) and concentrated nitric acid (0.5 mL) were added to a reaction flask and placed in an ice bath. Concentrated sulfuric acid (1 mL) was added to methyl benzoate (0.5 g) in a vial which was then packed in ice, and the same was done with acetanilide.ÂÂ   While stirring, the cold H2SO4/HNO3 mixture was added drop-by-drop. After the acid mixture was added, the reaction mixture was removed from the ice to warm to room temperature, with stirring. It was then transferred by Pasteur pipet into a beaker and stirred for five minutes. The methyl benzoate nitration formed white solid, and the acetanilide nitration for a light yellow solid. The crystals were the vacuum filtered with a Buchner funnel. The crude product was recrystallized by adding a distilled water and ethanol slowly while heating the product. While cooling, the solution produced large white crystals for methyl benzoate nitration and light yellow crystals for the acetanilide nitration. The ma ss, melting point percent yield were obtained. Results and Discussion Through the use of electrophilic aromatic substitution, acetanilide is nitrated to nitroacetanilide, while methyl benzoate was nitrated to methyl nitrobezonate. The first step of the reaction involved in the donation of an electron pair, which generates the nitronium ion from nitric acid by protonation and loss of water, using sulphuric acid as the dehydrating agent. The mechanism for methyl benzoate can be seen below. Figure 3: The mechanism of the nitration of methyl benzoate to methyl nitrobenzoate. To prevent acetanilide from dinitrating, the nitrating solution of HNO3 and H2SO4 were added drop by drop to the acetanilide solution, so that the concentration of the nitrating agent is kept at minimum. The cooler temperatures were used to reduce the reaction rate and help to avoid over nitration. The electrophilic aromatic substitutions involved the replacement of a proton on an aromatic ring with an electrophile that becomes substituent. The sulfuric acid protonates the methyl benzoate, which creates the resonance stabilized arenium ion intermediate.3 The electron deficient nitronium ion reacts with the protonated intermediate meta position. The ester group is the meta deactivator and the reaction takes place at the meta position because the ortho and para positions are destabilized by adjacent positives charges on the resonance structure.2 The major product of the methyl benzoate nitration is the meta product due to carboxyl and nitro groups both being powerful electron withdrawing groups. Table 1: The weight, melting point, and percent yield of both Nitroactenilide and Methyl Nitrobenzoate. Product Name Crude Weight (g) Product Weight (g) Percent Yield (%) Melting Point (ËÅ ¡C) Literature Melting Point (ËÅ ¡C) Nitroactenilide 0.585 0.045 6.75% 195-200 214-217 Methyl Nitrobenzoate 0.56 0.32 59.3% 74-80 78-80 The actual yield of methyl nitrobenzoate is 0.32 g while the theoretical yield is 0.54 g. The melting point is 74ËÅ ¡C 80ËÅ ¡C, and the value is closed to the literature value which is 78ËÅ ¡C 80 ËÅ ¡C. The percent yield for the methyl benzoate electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction was 59.3% with 0.32g of methyl nitrobenzoate formed. The percent yield for the reaction with acetanilide was 6.75% with 0.045g of nitroacetanilide formed, which can be seen in table 1. The melting point observed was 195-200 ËÅ ¡C, which can be accounted for impurities in the product, which can be seen below in table 1. Some impurities might be Ortho and Meta directing substances, as well as there could have been some experimental errors that occurred during the experiment such as not overheating solutions during the reactions. These low yields may have resulted from poor recrystallization, product lost during transfer from one apparatus to another, or human error. The miss ing percent accounts for the impurities removed during recrystallization. However, some product must have been lost in the acetanilide reaction recrystallization because of such a low percent yield. The melting point of the final product was 74-80 ËÅ ¡C suggesting that it was formed by meta-substitution. The literature melting point for meta-methyl nitrobenzoate is 78-80 ËÅ ¡C. Therefore, the melting point is lower than it should be suggesting that an impurity is in the product. This impurity may have occurred due to poor recrystallization or it may have been picked up after recrystallization. The melting point of the nitroacetanilide product was 195-200 ËÅ ¡C suggesting the para-regiochemistry. The literature melting point for the p-nitroacetanilide is 214-217 ËÅ ¡C. Therefore, the melting point of the product is a little lower than the literature value, suggesting that an impurity exists in the product from poor recrystallization of contact with an impurity during recrystallization. The methyl nitrobenzoate product was determined to be meta-substituted based on its melting point range. This can also be proved by evaluating the attack of the benzene ring of methyl benzoate on the electrophililic species and nitric acid.4 The C-OCH3 substituent is a meta-deactivator. Therefore, when the benzene ring attacks the nitronium ion, the NO3+ group will add meta-positon. This creates a resonance stabilized arenium ion without a positive charge on the carbon with the C-OCH3 substituent. Then the proton is removed from the meta position by the weak base, the HSO4-, formed in the creation of the nitronium ion, which reforms the sulfuric acid catalyst.3 Once the proton is removed the substitution product, methyl nitrobenzoate remains. The nitroacetanilide product was formed by a para-substitution. This can be determined by examining the melting point and comparing it to the literature values for each position.4 However, this can also be determined when examining the electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction of acetanilide on the electrophile, nitric acid. The NHCOCH3 substituent is an ortho-para-activator. Therefore, when the benzene ring of acetanilide attacks the nitronium ion, it can add ortho or para. The para substitution, if more stable than an ortho substitution, will be added because the para position is a further distance from the position of the NHCOCH3 substituent. Therefore, the benzene ring adds at the para position based on the melting point and resonance in the mechanism shown above. Conclusion The methyl m-nitrobenzoate and p-nitroacetanilide were prepared. The percentage yield is 6.75% for nitroacetanilide and 59.3% for methyl nitrobenzoate. The melting point of the products are 74ËÅ ¡C 80ËÅ ¡C and 195ËÅ ¡C 200ËÅ ¡C. From the given physical constant, the literature melting point of methyl m-nitrobenzoate is 78 80ËÅ ¡C and 214ËÅ ¡C 217ËÅ ¡C for nitroacetailide, so it can be concluded that the products were methyl m-nitrobenzoate and p-nitroacetanilide. References Wade, Jr., L.G. Organic Chemistry 2003, 722-741. Chemistry Laboratory Manual: Susquehanna University 2014, 242-244 250 ChemFinder.Com. Cambridge Soft Corporation. . Anerjee, Dhruv K. Ortho and Par % of Key Reaction. Utkarschemistry. 2013. Appendix A: Finding the Limiting Reagent Grams X 1 mol / molecular weight = moles of reactant Nitric Acid: 0.6 mL X ((1 g/1 mL) X 1 mol) / 98.08 g/mol = 0.0061 mol Nitric Acid: 0.5 mL X ((1 g/1 mL) X 1 mol) / 63.01 g/mol = 0.0079 mol Methyl Benzoate: (0.55 g X 1 mol) / 181.14 g/mol = 0.030 mol Appendix B: Calculating Theoretical Yield of Methyl Nitrobenzoate Moles of limiting reagent X molar ratio X molecular weight of product) / 1 mol = theoretical yield (0.030 X 181.13) / 1 mol = 0.54 g Appendix C: Calculating Percent Yield (Actual / theoretical) X 100% = percent yield (0.32 g/ 0.54 g) X 100% = 59.3%

Cross Cultural Communication- Royal Dutch Shell’s Approach Essay

Shell has over 100 different nationalities in its employee population. In a global organization like Shell, people need to constantly work with people from other nationalities as part of expatriate assignments. We had a candid interaction with company’s global learning head Manojit Sen. We are elucidating few interesting points from the discussion. Global organisations like Royal Dutch Shell face the constant challenge of cross cultural communication both when dealing with external customer as well as in dealing with colleagues internally. Some of these are: Failure to Bond: Experience over years shows that customers like doing business who are like them. Equally Sales staff unconsciously look to do business with people they like and stay away from those they don’t like and bond with. The more pronounced the differences between two people, the slower the bonding process may be, especially if nothing is done to bridge the gap such as teaching people to communicate like à ¢â‚¬Ëœone of them’. Hence the fate of multi billion dollar deals in oil majors such as Shell may often be tested on the strength of the ‘liking’ factor. Stereotyping: Even with the best education, almost everyone consciously or unconsciously holds onto some unfair generalizations about a given group. Recognizing and overcoming negative beliefs that we may have had since childhood can be challenging. These generalizations come in the way of truly listening to views and building on the best of ideas which have the potential to take the organization forward. Assuming the same values: We all assume everyone shares the same values we do. This leads to judgments of what is right and wrong, acceptable and unacceptable. When the values are not actually the same, actions one party takes does not meet the expectations of the other leading to frustration, attribution of intent and breakdown of trust. â€Å"Token† syndrome: In big multinationals where consciously the numbers of different minority groups have been increased over the years, people from underrepresented groups may sometimes feel that they are in the spotlight due to their low numbers. Since their difference tends to make them stand out, they may believe that they receive unfair scrutiny. As a result, they may fear making mistakes or being perceived as receiving special treatment. â€Å"Protective Hesitation†: The cultural differences between a staff and his customer or colleagues from another  culture may lead both parties to view their relationship as less solid than other relationships with people from the same culture. To overcome this, people may tend to overcompensate and then fear that the response may appear to be ‘too cosy’ and subject to criticism. Making mistakes: Whether or not staff have had a lot of experience working with people from the customer’s or colleague demographic if it from a different culture, he may inadvertently say or do something that the customer or colleague finds offensive. It’s a lot easier to get past mistakes if both parties believe that the two have the same values and mindset. Cases where these type of issues have resulted in problems and ways in which these were handled include: 1. A Dutch project manager used to straight talking posted in UK’s North Sea Joint Venture upstream project upset the staff by telling them off on a few occasions to the point that the JV agreement was getting close to being called off. The Dutch manager had to be replaced despite his strong technical credentials and subsequent appointees were put through cultural awareness training before being sent off to this and similar JVs. 2. An Australian posted in India’s new retail operations to set up the Health, Safety, Security and Environment department was so frustrated by vendors promising to do everything and not meeting quality and timeline issues that he started to call them ‘liars’ on the face, alienating himself from the few vendors who were able to meet the quality specs of Shell. This disrespectful behavior and loss of face resulted in vendors refusing to work for Shell and consequent delays in commissioning of retail stations by over a couple of months, a stalemate that had to be broken by skillful negotiations by local managers. 3. In a virtual cross country project team working on implementation of a Retail network project months in China that had to deliver its implementation plan within 3 months, would have its team meeting every week. From the start the Chinese staff on the team were quiet. The Americans spoke the most. They believed they were contributing and the Chinese were not. It emerged after 8 weeks when a milestone was missed that the Chinese could not understand a lot of what the Americans were saying, let alone their jokes. The team lead was prompt to realize this  was a sign of impending disaster and promptly made official rules on talking time at each meeting so that everyone had his time, including time to ask clarifications and to recap what each understood. 4. A Danish IT staff was on a global SAP implementation project. Since she was reporting to a Singaporean manager, she would have to take calls early her morning. Sometimes she would have to join calls with US colleagues working on implementation issues. With work life balance being a very important aspect of the Nordic culture, she was direct about how she felt on a number of occasions. The manager had given her the flexibility to take time off during the day to make up for this but somehow this did not help and the Danish lady started missing calls and issues did not get addressed in time. She also did not check emails or even phone messages during the weekends. Issues started to get escalated and reached the point where the vendors implementing the ERP charged Shell for delayed decisions leading to having to rework project plans and consequent costs and delays. This became a performance issue that required the staff to be replaced by someone who was much more flexible – something that was needed during this critical stretch period. 5. The Shell team negotiating a significant gas deal in Middle East included only Europeans. The local Middle East team felt more comfortable with the American- Saudi Aramco team as it had more Middle Easteners. This was recognized in time and Shell’s team was revamped to include a few ‘local’ faces who could help break the ice and guage the local sentiments. With issues such as these multinational organisations need to work on many cross cultural issues which impact communication internally and externally. The are typically managed via the Diversity and Inclusion agenda. In Shell, the D&I agenda includes:   D&I education offerings.   Communication processes in the profiling of success stories and the sharing of good practices. Recruitment and retention efforts that focus on tapping into the top talent across diverse constituency groups. Development and mentoring of diverse staff from across the world. Building supportive/inclusive work environments. D&I  education: Shell has over 100 different nationalities in its employee population. In a global organization like Shell, people need to constantly work with people from other nationalities as part of expatriate assignments, or as part of x-country projects or as part of one’s role which may be global or regional in scope. Hence educating staff on nationality related cross cultural issues is an ongoing activity in Shell. Staff who get posted as expatriates to a foreign country are taken through cultural awareness sessions on the new country culture. They are also sponsored to learn the local language to help assimilate better. Staff put on x-country assignments are also helped with cultural awareness sessions so that they can understand what colleagues from other countries mean by what they say and by what they don’t. Supervisors who have from different countries are also encouraged to understand the cultural differences of countries of these staff. The Crossing Cultures course in Shell is designed to help people value differences and improve team working skills. The course aims to enable business and function staff to develop their cross cultural skills and to work more effectively, with virtual and multi cultural teams. Participants are expected to: Improve their sensitivity to others’ different needs and behaviours and adjusts own behaviours and communication style accordingly. Invites, respects and incorporates others’ different perspectives. Demonstrates a non-judgemental acceptance of different perspectives, behaviours and ways of working. Utilises cultural differences to improve outcomes. Actively supports efforts to build a more diverse and inclusive organisation. This course consists of a structured program of face-to-face and virtual learning, combined with workplace assignments and activities, knowledge sharing and networking. The course totals 16 hours; 8 hours virtual over 4 weeks and with a 1 day face to face in week 6 of the program.